CHAPTER 2 – Study Guide

chemistry

chemical element

atom

                atomic number

                proton (+) nucleus

                neutron (0) nucleus

                electron (-) shell

isotope

                mass number

                radioactive isotope

                half life

atomic mass unit (dalton)

ion

molecule

                molecular formula

compound

covalent bond

                single covalent bond

                double covalent bond

                triple covalent bond

                nonpolar covalent bond

                polar covalent bond

ionic bond

                cation

                anion

                electrolyte

hydrogen bond

chemical reaction

                metabolism

                exergonic reactions

                endergonic reactions

                activation energy

                catalyst

                synthesis reaction

                anabolism

                decomposition reaction

                catabolism

                exchange reaction

solution

                solute

                solvent

                concentration

                                percentage (grams of X / 100 ml of solution)

                                mole

                                molarity (moles of X / 1000 ml of solution)

hydrophilic

hydrophobic

dehydration synthesis reaction

hydrolysis

mixture

colloid

suspension

pH scale

                pH < 7 = acidic,  pH = 7 = neutral,  pH > 7 = basic (alkaline)

                acid

                hydrogen ion

                base

                hydroxide ion

                salt

                buffer systems

organic compounds

given a structural drawing of a functional group be able to name it

(also know the name given to a molecule containing the functional group)

                hydroxyl (alcohol)

                sulfhydryl (thiol)

                carbonyl (ketone)

                carbonyl (aldehyde)

                carboxyl (carboxylic acid)

                ester (ester)

                phosphate (phosphate)

                amino (amine)

macromolecule

polymer

isomer

carbohydrates (main function – energy source)

                monosaccharides

                disaccharides

                polysaccharides

lipids (main functions – energy source, structural component of membranes)

                triglycerides

                saturated fats

                monounsaturated fats

                polyunsaturated fats

                phospholipids

                steroids

                amphipathic

                lipoproteins

proteins (numerous functions: structural, regulatory, contractile, immunological, transport, catalytic)

amino acids

peptide bond

polypeptide

                primary structure

                secondary structure

                                alpha helix

                                pleated sheet

                tertiary structure

                quaternary structure

denaturation

enzyme

                apoenzyme

                cofactor

                coenzyme

                substrate

                enzymes lower the activation energy

nucleic acids (main function – information)

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

nucleotides

                adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), cytosine (C)

                pairing rules: T pairs with A, G pairs with C

DNA and RNA – how are they different?

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)